What is required for the boarding of U.S. vessels in foreign territorial waters?

When boarding U.S. vessels in foreign territorial waters, it is essential to obtain permission from the coastal nation. This requirement stems from the principles of international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which recognizes the sovereign rights of coastal nations over their territorial waters. Each nation has the authority to regulate activities within its territorial sea, which extends 12 nautical miles from its baseline.

Thus, even if a vessel is registered in the U.S., it is still subject to the laws and regulations of the foreign coastal state once it enters their territorial waters. The coastal nation may issue specific guidelines or requirements for foreign vessels, including boarding, which must be respected to maintain good diplomatic relations and adherence to international norms.

Obtaining this permission ensures that the rights of the coastal state are upheld and that any actions taken are within the framework of international law, preventing potential conflicts or diplomatic incidents.